philosophical是什么意思 decade是什么意思( 二 )


stir up 是个动词词组 , 意思是“激起 , 煽动” , 类似于上文中的“whip up” 。
The fires themselves cannot be stopped; they are fuelled by climate change layered on top of an ecosystem that burns regularly as part of its natural cycle. Hotter temperatures and drier landscapes mean more fires. But the damage need not be so great. Much of California’s mess is of its own making. It has made itself more vulnerable with a litany of out-of-date regulations and self-defeating policies.

layer 本意是名词“层” , 在这里用作动词 , 意思是“把……分层堆放” , 这句话直译就是“气候变化置于生态系统之上” , 实际上也就是说“气候变化基于生态系统” 。
litany 意思是“(对一系列事件、原因等)枯燥冗长的陈述” , a litany of 在这里可以翻译为“一系列”
out-of-date 意思是“过时的 , 落伍的” , 之前文章(Office Politics)中出现的 antiquated 是它的近义词 。

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